The Outsourcing of State Repression in Iran (1941-1978)

In addition to government and official institutions such as the police, the gendarmerie, and the National Organization for Security and Intelligence (SAVAK), the second Pahlavi government used militias to suppress its opponents.This use of armed non-state actors continued throughout this period (1942-1979).In fact, force and violence which should h

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Ikaros sets the threshold for negative B-cell selection by regulation of the signaling strength of the AKT pathway

Abstract Inhibitory phosphatases, such as the inositol-5-phosphatase SHIP1 could potentially contribute to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) by raising the threshold for activation of the autoimmunity checkpoint, allowing malignant cells with strong oncogenic B-cell receptor signaling to escape negative selection.Here, we show that SHIP1

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